Merge branch 'gdb1' into 'master'

RSoC: GDB for Redox - part 1

See merge request redox-os/website!243

content/news/rsoc-gdb-1.md

++++
+title = "RSoC: GDB for Redox - part 1"
+author = "jD91mZM2"
+date = "2020-07-02T12:17:30+02:00"
++++
+
+<img class="img-responsive" src="/img/screenshot/gdb-works.png" alt="Debugging with GDB" />
+
+# Introduction
+
+Yesterday at 15:08 I sent this image excitedly to the Redox chat, along with the
+message "Debugging on Redox... We're soon, soon, there."
+
+You might notice how in this image, there are a few changes from the image of
+last week. There's no split pane showing output - we only see GDB printing some
+mad ascii characters $ and #, as well as what looks like hexadecimal numbers.
+
+# Fixing last week's problems this week
+
+What we see here is actually GDB debugging a program, running on Redox. Both the
+`gdbserver` that we've been creating, and GDB itself, is running on Redox. And
+they're communicating using what both programs *think* is a "unix socket". It's
+actually our IPC scheme `chan:`.
+
+If you remember from last week, the `gdbserver` I ran on Redox managed to crash
+the program being debugged. I let my mind take a rest after than, and then
+eventually came up with an idea: Why not *use* the gdbserver, to *debug* the
+gdbserver? I didn't really do that, as cool as it sounded, I was still
+technically debugging the minimal C program that I made.
+
+You see, gdb has some amazing built in tools to view the assembly being
+executed: `x/<n>i <address>`. `x` stands for reading memory, and `i` means
+format the bytes as assembly instructions. This worked amazingly well, and using
+`x/10i $rip` I was quickly able to tell that `$rip` laid in the middle of two
+instructions - and according to GDB's debug logs, it laid exactly one byte after
+where GDB had placed an `int3` instruction. If you're unfamiliar with what all
+this means, just imagine that a compiler started compiling your code in the
+middle of a line instead of at the beginning. It would lose context, and throw
+*so* many errors! In principle, that's what happened here, the instruction
+pointer was pointing in the middle of two instructions, trying to interpret
+things that weren't meant to be interpreted.
+
+The reason was that GDB assumed that we used a system like Linux, where a
+breakpoint caused the instruction pointer to step back one byte on breakpoint.
+Redox didn't do that before, it never even occured to me - now it does, as it
+feels like the sanest thing to do: After all, even microkernels work towards
+minimizing syscalls, so let's avoid that extra syscall that is 9.999/10 times
+going to be following a breakpoint exception.
+
+# Going forward
+
+## From last week
+
+So what then? We had a gdbserver running on Redox, ready for requests coming
+from Linux. In theory, GDB should be able to be compiled on Redox as well, and
+used to debug. So, to repeat, what should I do now?
+
+Well, clearly, why let that "in theory" be theory, why not get GDB running on
+Redox *now*. Turns out, it wasn't as painless as I had hoped. The processes
+couldn't talk to each other over the netstack's loopback address, for whatever
+reason, and little old me couldn't figure out why! There were also a bunch of
+socket-related issues with relibc (I think most of them were caused by, uuh,
+let's see here, *me*). So while I obviously tried to fix most of the relibc
+stuff, the whole tcp stack is very confusing to me and I felt like we could wait
+with that just a liiitle while longer. There has *got* to be an easier way.
+
+Oh lookie, there is, I had just stumbled upon GDB's ability to communicate over
+both unix sockets and standard I/O streams! Awesome! I got to work and thanks to
+a pointer from Jeremy Soller, who had somehow figured out that fixing the unix
+sockets would be easier than using I/O streams (which was true, the I/O streams
+used `socketpair` to set up unix sockets behind the scenes anyway), I managed to
+get the two processes communicating with a simple hack in GDB's source code.
+
+I also had to fix my target description XML file, apparently it was broken, but
+only GDB running on Redox would complain instead of just silently and magically
+trying to figure out what I meant. I'm really happy that was caught, but I'm
+also confused why GDB on Linux didn't catch it. It turns out GDB wants me to
+interpret the `ST(i)` floating point registers as... well, floating point. Not
+the 80-bit integers they were. So I created the crate
+[f80](https://gitlab.redox-os.org/redox-os/f80) (not yet pushed to crates.io)
+for this reason, to let me interpret these bytes using safe rust. I use some
+assembly magic there, but unfortunately the new assembly macro is too new of a
+Rust version. At that point, since there was already ongoing work to update
+Redox, I let all those registers be zero for now and will fix it later.
+
+## From this point
+
+<img src="/img/screenshot/gdb-chat.png" alt="My announcement in chat" style="float: right; width: 50%;" />
+
+Excitedly, I had to tell everyone. GDB was now running on Redox, albiet with a
+presumably-broken floating point support. Not like anyone uses real numbers
+instead of just limiting themselves to whole numbers, right? *Cough*.
+
+There is still some hackiness required to set up GDB. I use [this
+script](https://gitlab.redox-os.org/snippets/1087) to launch Redox with example
+binaries and a script that ties gdb and gdbserver together. There's also limited
+and potentially confusing process output - I might implement the protocol
+queries required to pass output to the host GDB.
+
+But once the final polishing of our initial GDB support is complete, I might
+take look at implementing a library for more easily setting up a Redox scheme. I
+noticed lots of code is being reused in various places, and also I'm annoyed at
+how large and honestly confusing the `chan:` code is, even to me though I wrote
+it, for being such a simple thing. I want to fix that.
+
+<div style="clear: right;" />