Merge branch 'ptrace-5' into 'master'

RSoC: Implementing ptrace for Redox OS - part 5

See merge request redox-os/website!222

content/news/rsoc-ptrace-5.md

++++
+title = "RSoC: Implementing ptrace for Redox OS - part 5"
+author = "jD91mZM2"
+date = "2019-07-13T11:07:22+02:00"
++++
+
+# Introduction
+
+This week I've decided to skip trying to get GDB working *for now*
+(there are so many issues it'll take forever to solve them), and
+instead decided to finally give focus to the final concerns I had
+about ptrace. Most changes this week was related to getting decent
+behavior of child processes, although the design feels... suboptimal,
+somehow (not sure why), so I feel I must be able to improve it better
+later.
+
+Another change was security: Tracers running as a non-root user can
+now in addition to only tracing processes running as the same user,
+only trace processes that are directly or indirectly children of the
+tracer. In the future this can easily be allowed with some kind of
+capability, but currently in Redox there isn't a capability-like
+system other than the simple (but really powerful) namespacing system
+which sadly I don't think can be used for this.
+
+## Catching child processes with ptrace
+
+The first and most pressing issue was that there needed to be a way to
+catch child processes (also threads, Redox makes no distinction) from
+ptrace. It should be possible to both stop the child process, or let
+it keep running uninterupted.
+
+My design revolves around an event system: When a child process is
+created it sends an event with the PID, as well as pauses the child
+until we've determined if we want to trace it. Events interrupt any
+wait, but returns `Ok(0)` to signify that the breakpoint may not have
+been reached yet. Then one can `read` from the `proc:<pid>/trace` file
+handle to obtain a few events at a time, which will also clear
+them. Setting a breakpoint while an event is not yet read, will not
+wait for that breakpoint to be reached, but rather return `Ok(0)`
+immediately.
+
+With this design, you will be able to write code like this:
+
+```rust
+let mut written = tracer.write(&[PTRACE_SYSCALL])?;
+while written == 0 {
+    let mut event = PtraceEvent::default();
+    // Assert we read exactly one event, as we know there must be at
+    // least one because of `written == 0`, and we only have storage
+    // for one event (room for optimization: you *can* read more at
+    // once)
+    assert_eq!(tracer.read(&mut event)?, mem::size_of::<PtraceEvent>());
+
+    // TODO: Handle event
+
+    // Retry the wait, the tracer is still running at this point and
+    // may or may not have reached the breakpoint we set.
+    written = tracer.write(&[PTRACE_WAIT])?
+}
+```
+
+---
+
+The implementation was actually quite simple, which was actually
+somewhat of a goal for this design! (Redox is a microkernel,
+remember?)
+
+Events are sent to a `VecDeque` that handles them. If the queue was
+previously empty, send a `EVENT_READ` notification to the `event:`
+scheme. Either way, notify the tracer file handle waiting for a
+breakpoint to be reached.
+
+I love the `WaitCondition` structure, it makes blocking and notifying
+so easy :)
+
+[Here you can see the
+code](https://gitlab.redox-os.org/jD91mZM2/kernel/commit/be867ae5f13e0b72a9ebd0eae32b5f9e0509e175#1408dd4ba159dbf927129c610817b1faf0e08349_24_124)
+
+## Catching signals
+
+Another change I made was related to signals. It's tricky to come up
+with a design that just *feels* right, and I didn't really succeed
+here. Let's start with the critera though. I'm not very used to ptrace
+so I am far from an expert in even the simple task of giving criteria,
+but I'll start with the most basic: The design has to be able to trace
+system calls and instructions ran in signal handlers. The design also
+has to be able to obtain the actual signal number, as well as run the
+program normally up to a signal.
+
+My design is requires 2 new constants:
+
+- `PTRACE_EVENT_SIGNAL` is an event similar to the child-process event
+  above, but on each signal we only send the signal number.
+- `PTRACE_SIGNAL` for running the program until any signal is reached,
+  which in case it stops *before* the signal handler is invoked. So if
+  the child sends a signal to itself, it will be somewhere inside the
+  `SYS_KILL` syscall.
+
+---
+
+Turns out these simple criteria are still pretty tricky to meet for
+two reasons
+
+Firstly, as a signal may happen inside a syscall, they will break the
+unwritten rule that each syscall will raise 2 breakpoints in order. If
+we take the example above about a program killing itself, we'll see
+the following behavior
+
+```
+(pre-)syscall: SYS_KILL
+(pre-)syscall: <inside the signal handler>
+(post-)syscall: <inside the signal handler>
+...
+(pre-)syscall: SYS_SIGRETURN
+(post-)syscall: SYS_KILL
+```
+
+This is annoying mostly because the program can't actually detect
+whether it's the event is pre or post syscall. So it'll have to make
+an intelligent guess using the signal event, which I guess could
+work. But this is suboptimal and I have yet to solve this somehow.
+
+Secondly, it is ~~possible~~, nay, *probable* that a signal is handled
+using either `SIG_DFL` or `SIG_IGN`. Both of these are handled in the
+kernel, and should probably not let you control. Plus, even I wanted
+to allow this, the current way of setting breakpoints only works on
+user-triggered syscalls (which is probably for the best). So no signal
+breakpoint will be caused then, only a signal event. And you can't
+abort the signal.
+
+[Related code for signal handling
+(simple!)](https://gitlab.redox-os.org/jD91mZM2/kernel/blob/a7da393cf569416314fd1c9e016cece352537929/src/context/signal.rs#L103)
+
+---
+
+I think something to set as a goal with signals is to hit two birds
+with one stone and use them for handling the `int3` instruction which
+is used by debuggers to set breakpoints. That instruction causes a
+`SIGTRAP` signal, something which I think could be used. Somehow there
+has to be a way to inject code into a program (on Linux you search
+memory maps for free space and inject machine code there, see [this
+awesome article](https://www.linuxjournal.com/article/6210))
+
+Once again, I'd be extremely thankful for any kind of feedback, even
+negative. I'll go read the Linux man page on ptrace a few times now -
+we're at that point.
+
+[RFC
+changes](https://gitlab.redox-os.org/redox-os/rfcs/merge_requests/14/diffs?diff_id=5320&start_sha=5290757f9b0ec3fd5ab28d9abb1e7cd7332053f9)